中华急诊医学杂志  2020, Vol. 29 Issue (2): 231-234   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1671-0282.2020.02.002
体外心肺复苏在急诊成人心脏骤停患者中的临床应用分析
李伟 , 张劲松 , 陈旭锋 , 梅勇 , 吕金如 , 胡德亮 , 张刚 , 张华忠 , 季学丽 , 张丽 , 黄夕华 , 张慧 , 王维惟     
南京医科大学第一附属医院急诊医学中心, 南京 210029
摘要: 目的 总结体外心肺复苏(Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation, ECPR)辅助技术用于治疗成人心脏骤停(Cardiac arrest, CA)患者的临床经验。方法 总结分析2015年03月至2019年06月在南京医科大学第一附属医院(江苏省人民医院)行ECPR的31例成年患者的临床资料,按照是否存活出院分为出院存活组(n=12)及死亡组(n=19),分析两组的常规心肺复苏(Conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation, CCPR)时间、ECMO辅助时间、联合治疗措施。按照CCPR时间分为≤60 min、>60 min两组,分析两组自主循环恢复率(Return of spontaneous Circulation, ROSC)、出院存活率和格拉斯哥-匹兹堡脑功能(Cerebral performance classification, CPC)评分。结果 存活组CCPR时间显著小于死亡组(P=0.002),ECMO辅助时间在两组间差异无统计学意义(P=0.478)。院内呼吸心搏骤停(In-hospital of cardiac arrest, IHCA)患者和院外呼吸心搏骤停(Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, OHCA)患者出院存活率差异无统计学意义(P=0.716),联合主动脉内球囊反搏(Intra-aortic balloon pump, IABP)治疗患者和无IABP治疗患者出院存活率差异无统计学意义(P=0.174),联合持续肾脏替代治疗(Continuous renal replacement therapy, CRRT)患者的出院存活率高于无CRRT治疗患者(P=0.032)。CCPR≤60min的患者ROSC率及出院存活率均显著高于CCPR>60 min的患者(P<0.001,CPC差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 ECMO能够为CA患者提供有效的生命支持,提高CA患者存活率,启动ECPR前CCPR时间不建议超过60 min。
关键词: 体外膜肺氧合    心肺复苏    心脏骤停    
Application of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adult patients with cardiac arrest
Li Wei , Zhang Jinsong , Chen Xufeng , Mei Yong , Lv Jinru , Hu Deliang , Zhang Gang , Zhang Huazhong , Ji Xueli , Zhang Li , Huang Xihua , Zhang Hui , Wang Weiwei     
Department of Emergency Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
Abstract: Objective To identify the impact of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) on neurological outcome and survival in adults with cardiac arrest (CA). Methods Totally 31 adult patients with ECPR were enrolled from March 2015 to June 2019 in Emergency Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nangjing Medical University (Jiangsu People Hospital). Patients were divided to the survival group (n=12) and death group (n=19). Duration of conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CCPR) and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and other mechanical support were compared between groups. Cerebral performance category (CPC) and hospital survival were also evaluated according to the duration of CCPR before ECPR. Results The duration of CCPR before ECPR was significantly shorter in the survival group than that in the death group (P=0.002). Duration of ECMO had no significant difference between the two groups (P=0.478). The location of CA occurrence had no impact on the hospital survival rate (P=0.716). ECPR in combination with intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) also had no impact on the hospital survival rate (P=0.174), and patients received continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) had higher hospital survival than patients without CRRT (P = 0.032). Patients with CCPR duration ≤ 60 min had higher rates of ROSC and hospital survival (P < 0.001). CPC evaluation showed no difference between the two groups. Conclusions ECMO can provide effective life support to CA patients, and improve their survival rates. It is recommended to initiation of ECMO implantation within 60 min after CCPR.
Key words: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation    Cardiopulmonary resuscitation    Cardiac arrest    

心脏骤停(cardiac arrest, CA)是急诊科及重症医学科常见的急危重症之一。常规心肺复苏(Conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation, CCPR)是CA治疗的基础手段。随着CCPR的不断优化和推广,虽然CA患者的存活率有所改善,但仍旧较低。据美国心脏骤停患者注册登记研究表明,院内CA患者出院存活率为15%~20%,院外CA患者出院存活率仅为9%~10%[1-2,3]。随着体外膜肺氧合(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, ECMO)技术的进步和推广,这一技术逐步应用于各种可逆性原因引起的CA患者,称之为体外心肺复苏(ECPR)。现通过回顾本中心近年ECPR患者的病例资料,对此类患者应用ECMO的效果进行分析。

1 资料与方法 1.1 一般资料

入选标准:①2015年03月至2019年06月在南京医科大学第一附属医院(江苏省人民医院)行ECPR的成年患者;②非外科手术、非创伤性心脏骤停;③排除终末期恶性肿瘤、脑出血、主动脉瓣关闭不全或夹层。

1.2 试验分组

根据患者是否存活出院,分为存活组及死亡组,存活组采用格拉斯哥-匹兹堡脑功能(Cerebral performance classification, CPC)评分评价神经系统结局,神经系统功能良好指CPC评分≤2分。存活组根据ECPR前CCPR时间,分为≤60 min,>60 min。

1.3 统计学方法

采用SPSS 21.0软件进行统计学分析。正态分布的计量资料采用均数±标准差(Mean±SD)表示,偏态分布的计量资料以M(Q1, Q3)表示。正态分布且方差齐的计量资料,两组之间的比较采用独立样本t检验;正态分布且方差不齐的计量资料,两组之间的比较采用t’检验。偏态分布的计量资料两组之间的比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料以率或构成比表示,两组之间的比较采用χ2检验、Fisher确切概率法。采用双侧检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 临床基本资料

符合入组标准ECPR患者31例,其中男性18例(58%),女性13例,年龄42.4±19.4岁,原发病包括暴发型心肌炎13例(41.9%),急性心肌梗死13例(41.9%),甲亢性心肌病2例(6.5%),心包压塞1例(3.2%),电击伤1例(3.2%),肺栓塞1例(3.2%)。CCPR时间47.8(45, 125)min。出院存活12例,其中男性6例(50%),死亡19例,其中男性12例(63.2%)。

2.2 CCPR时间、ECMO辅助时间及出院存活率

存活组CCPR时间显著小于死亡组(P=0.002),ECMO辅助时间在两组间差异无统计学意义(P=0.478)。IHCA患者和OHCA患者出院存活率差异无统计学意义(P=0.716),联合IABP治疗患者和无IABP治疗患者出院存活率差异无统计学意义(P=0.174),联合CRRT治疗患者的出院存活率高于无CRRT治疗患者(P=0.032)(见表 1)。

表 1 ECPR患者的临床资料 Table 1 Clinical data of patients with ECPR
项目 全组(31) 存活组(12) 死亡组(19) P t
年龄(岁) 42.4±19.4 39.8±17.3 44.1±20.9 0.545 0.583
性别构成(男/女) 18/13 6/6 12/7 0.81  
CCPR时间(min) 47.8(45, 125) 54.67(33, 54.3) 109.3±9.6 0.002 3.698
ECMO辅助时间(h) 168.7(72, 212) 154.0±16.5 177.9±38.1 0.07 0.478
OHCA 15/31(48.4%) 5/15(33.3%) 10/15(66.7%) 0.716  
住院期间相关操作          
IABP 6(19.4%) 4(33.3%) 2(10.5%) 0.174  
CRRT 23(74.2%) 6(50%) 17(89.5%) 0.032  
2.3 存活率与CPC评分

存活组CCPR≤60 min的患者ROSC率及出院存活率均显著高于CCPR>60 min的患者(P<0.001,CPC评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(见表 2)。

表 2 ECPR患者临床结局 Table 2 Clinical outcomes in patients with ECPR
项目 ≤60 min(18/31) >60 min(13/31) P
ROSC 12/18(66.7%) 5/13(38.5%) <0.001
CPC评分 1.13±0.02 1.58±0.07 >0.05
出院存活率 9/18(50%) 3/13(23.1%) <0.001
3 讨论

我国有限的流行病学调查显示,CA的主要原因为心源性。笔者所在医疗机构也有类似流行病学特点。CCPR是CA的主要治疗手段,然而,即使高质量的CCPR产生的心输出量也仅为正常心输出量的25%~40%,心脏及脑的血流灌注仅为正常的10%~30%和30%~40%[4-5]。OHCA患者CCPR后ROSC率仅为7.2%,出院存活率仅为5.6%[6];IHCA患者CCPR后ROSC率为47%,出院存活率仅为8%~10.9%,神经系统预后良好的生存率也不足10%[7]

ECMO作为一种对心肺功能衰竭的有效的机械支持手段,目前应用越来越广泛。国内外CPR指南均不同程度推荐对可逆性疾病,在高质量CCPR的基础上,在一定时间窗内可考虑ECMO,即ECPR[8-9]。对于ECPR的适应证、启动时机目前国内外仍缺乏统一标准,相对一致的是可逆病因导致的CA,强调高质量CCPR,ROSC在20~30 min仍未恢复可考虑启动ECPR,最迟不超过60 min[10-11]

本研究资料显示ECPR出院存活率为38.7%,且神经系统功能能够良好,与国内外相关研究报道基本一致[12-13, 14]。死亡组CCPR时间显著长于存活组,但两组存活患者神经功能预后差异无统计学意义。部分ECMO患者住院期间联合IABP和(或)CRRT治疗,本研究发现ECMO联合IABP没有提高患者存活率,ECMO联合CRRT患者存活率较高,推测可能与CRRT能够更有效的调整危重症患者水电解质酸碱平衡有关。

目前对于ECPR的启动时间窗仍无共识,对于IHCA患者,相关研究大多强调CCPR≥10 min[15-16],对于OHCA患者,CCPR时间适当延长,大多超过20 min[11, 17]。我国专家共识建议CCPR时间不超过60 min[9],但本中心在临床实际工作中,由于涉及到复杂的伦理问题,部分患者即使CCPR>60 min也接受了ECMO辅助治疗。进一步研究发现CCPR>60 min后再启动ECPR,ROSC率、出院存活率显著低于CCPR≤60 min,也提示60 min可能作为启动ECPR的时间窗加以考虑。

ECMO作为有效的体外生命支持手段能够暂时提到CA患者的心肺功能,为查明及治疗原发病提供时间。南京医科大学第一附属医院(江苏省人民医院)体外生命支持中心自2015年4月独立开展ECMO技术,由受过专业ECMO技术培训的人员组成,全天候值班,随时开展各种危重症患者的ECMO辅助,快速、安全建立ECMO是临床良好预后的先决条件,有赖于成熟的ECMO团队[18]。本中心迄今已完成103例内科疾病相关ECMO辅助治疗,原发病涵盖重症肺炎、暴发型心肌炎、心肌梗死、大面积肺栓塞、感染性休克、电击伤、毒物相关性心肌抑制、甲亢性心肌病、结节性多动脉炎等。

参考文献
[1] Nolan JP, Soar J, Smith GB, et al. Incidence and outcome of in-hospital cardiac arrest in the united kingdom national cardiac arrest audit[J]. Resuscitation, 2014, 85(8): 987-992. DOI:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.04.002
[2] Conrad S, Rycus P. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory cardiac arrest[J]. Ann Card Anaesth, 2017, 20(5): 4. DOI:10.4103/0971-9784.197790
[3] Abrams HC, McNally B, Ong M, et al. A composite model of survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest using the Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES)[J]. Resuscitation, 2013, 84(8): 1093-1098. DOI:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.03.030
[4] Reynolds JC, Frisch A, Rittenberger JC, et al. Duration of resuscitation efforts and functional outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest[J]. Circulation, 2013, 128(23): 2488-2494. DOI:10.1161/circulationaha.113.002408
[5] Wang GN, Chen XF, Qiao L, et al. Comparison of extracorporeal and conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation:A meta-analysis of 2260 patients with cardiac arrest[J]. World J Emerg Med, 2017, 8(1): 5. DOI:10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2017.01.001
[6] Chugh SS, Jui J, Gunson K, et al. Current burden of sudden cardiac death:Multiple source surveillance versus retrospective death certificate-based review in a large US community[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2004, 44(6): 1268-1275. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.06.029
[7] McNally B, Robb R, Metha M, et al. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest surveyance-Cardiac arrest registry to enhance survival (CARES), United States, October 1, 2005-December 31, 2010[J]. MMWR Surveill Summ, 2011, 60(8): 1-19.
[8] Neumar RW, Shuster M, Callaway CW, et al. Part 1:Executive Summary:2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care[J]. Circulation, 2015, 132: S315-S367. DOI:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000252
[9] 马青变, 张国强, 陈玉国, 等. 成人体外心肺复苏专家共识[J]. 中华急诊医学杂志, 2018, 27(1): 22-29. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1671-0282.2018.01.006
[10] Martine E.Bol, MSc, Martje M.Suverein, Roberto Lorusso, et al. Patients with refractory out-of-cardiac arrest and sustained ventricular fibrillation as candidates for extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation[J]. Circulation Journal, 2019, 83: 1011-1018. DOI:10.1253/circj.CJ-18-1257
[11] Bol ME, Suverein MM, Lorusso R, et al. Early initiation of extracorporeal life support in refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest:Design and rationale of the INCEPTION trial[J]. Am Heart J, 2019, 210: 58-68. DOI:10.1016/j.ahj.2018.12.008
[12] Tetsuya S, Naoto M, Ken N, et al. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation vs conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adults with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest[J]. Resuscitation, 2018, 84: 762-768. DOI:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.01.031
[13] Perkins GD, Olasveengen TM, MacOnochie I, et al. European resuscitation council guidelines for resuscitation:2017 update[J]. Resuscitation, 2018, 123: 43-50. DOI:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.12.007
[14] Ofoma UR, Basnet S, Berger A, et al. Trends in survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest during nights and weekends[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2018, 71(4): 402-411. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.043
[15] 崔永超, 杜中涛, 江春景, 等. 体外心肺复苏在成人难治性院内心脏骤停中的应用[J]. 中华损伤与修复杂志(电子版), 2019, 14(2): 108-112. DOI:10.3877/cma.j.issn.1673-9450.2019.02.006
[16] YS C, JW L, HY Yu, et al. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation with assisted extracorporeal life-support vs conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adults with in-hospital cardiac arrest:an observational study and propensity analysis[J]. Lancet, 2008, 372: 554-561. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60958-7
[17] Lin JW, Wang MJ, Yu HY, et al. Comparing the survival between extracorporeal rescue and conventional resuscitation in adult in-hospital cardiac arrests:Propensity analysis of three-year data[J]. Resuscitation, 2010, 81(7): 796-803. DOI:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.03.002
[18] Kunikiko M, Katsutoshi T, Mamoru H, et al. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for patients with out-hospitalcardiac arrest of cardiac origin[J]. Critical Care Medicine, 2013, 41(5): 1186-1196. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31827ca4c8
[19] Link MS, Berkow LC, Kudenchuk PJ, et al. Part 7:Adult advanced cardiovascular life support:2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care[J]. Circulation, 2015, 132(18 Suppl 2): S444-S464. DOI:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000261